The Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) provided a detailed overview of India's climate monitoring and forecasting capabilities in response to a parliamentary question. The India Meteorological Department (IMD) continuously monitors weather and climate across the country, including Gujarat, Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu, through its observational networks and numerical weather prediction models. Key climate assessments include regular preparation of Monthly and Annual Climate Summaries, State-wise Climate Statements, and Climate Diagnostic Bulletins that document regional, state, and district-level climate variations over the past 30 years, including extreme temperatures, heatwaves, cold waves, and rainfall variability.
The National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT) maintains the Ocean Moored Network for the Northern Indian Ocean (OMNI), coastal buoys, High-Frequency (HF) Radars, and Tsunami buoys in the Indian Ocean region, including two buoys specifically in the Arabian Sea, to monitor real-time meteorological and oceanographic parameters. The Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS) has prepared a Coastal Vulnerability Index (CVI) at a scale of 1:100,000 for the entire Indian coastline, including Gujarat, Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu, considering factors such as sea-level rise, shoreline changes, and tidal dynamics. Additionally, Coastal Multi-Hazard Vulnerability Mapping (MHVM) has been carried out at a more detailed scale of 1:25,000 to support coastal risk assessment and disaster preparedness.
IMD operates a nationwide observational network comprising Doppler Weather Radars (DWRs), Automatic Weather Stations (AWSs), and rain gauge stations for district- and block-level weather monitoring. The Ministry maintains dedicated coastal High Frequency (HF) Radar pairs, including those at Wasiborsi and Jegri in Gujarat, along with a network of open-ocean moored buoys for continuous ocean observations. The National Centre for Coastal Research (NCCR) provides urban rainfall forecasts and flood inundation mapping covering approximately 400 sq. km of the Mumbai Municipal Corporation area to support urban flood management.
Weather warnings and alerts are disseminated through multiple digital platforms including the MAUSAM, Meghdoot, DAMINI, UMANG, and SAMUDRA mobile applications, as well as the SACHET platform based on the Common Alerting Protocol (CAP), ensuring timely last-mile dissemination. Real-time data from oceanic and meteorological observation networks are assimilated into high-resolution operational models to enhance forecasting accuracy and support disaster risk reduction.
Scientific data and forecasts are disseminated to the Ministry of Home Affairs, the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs), and District Collectors for advance preparedness and monitoring of severe weather events such as cyclones, storm surges, and high waves. Under the Panchayat Mausam Seva initiative, weather forecasts are integrated with the e-GramSwaraj and e-Manchitra platforms, enabling direct dissemination of advisories to Panchayat representatives through WhatsApp. IMD also extends agrometeorological advisory services through Krishi Sakhis, Pashu Sakhis, and more than 7,300 Farmers' Awareness Programmes across 373 districts.
Mission Mausam provides Impact-Based Forecasts (IBFs) with dynamic, location-specific, crop-specific, and crop-stage-specific advisories through digital platforms such as KALP and Mausam SANKALP. Conceptualized as a transformative national initiative, Mission Mausam aims to improve weather forecasting, early-warning services and disaster preparedness based on gap analysis of India's existing observational network benchmarked against major developed countries. The mission provides for commissioning of Doppler Weather Radars, RS/RW stations, disdrometers, wind profilers, microwave radiometers, solar radiation monitoring stations, Aerosol/Raman LiDARs, skyradiometers, and BC/EC-OC aerosol monitoring stations.
The establishment of this infrastructure is linked to measurable outcomes including a 10–15 percent improvement in forecast accuracy by 2030, forecasting of severe weather hazards at a spatial resolution of 5 km × 5 km, increased lead time for early warnings, dynamic impact-based forecasting and risk-based warnings for all severe weather events, and last-mile dissemination of early warnings to every household by 2030. The mission will thereby strengthen disaster-risk reduction and improve delivery of weather and climate services to citizens and weather-sensitive socio-economic sectors.