The Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) has implemented comprehensive measures to modernize India's climate monitoring and weather forecasting systems in response to increasing extreme weather events. The government has deployed advanced techniques including high-performance computing facilities supporting high-resolution numerical weather prediction and climate modeling, enhanced observational systems, and artificial intelligence-enabled forecasting tools.
Currently operational systems include two global modeling frameworks: the Global Forecast System (GFS) of IMD and Mithuna-FS modeling systems of NCMRWF, both running at 12km horizontal resolution. The Bharat Forecasting System (BharatFS) operates at 6km spatial resolution, generating cluster-level Panchayat forecasts that capture localized weather features. IMD, in collaboration with the Ministry of Panchayati Raj, has launched Panchayat-level weather forecasts covering nearly all Gram Panchayats, accessible through digital platforms including e-Gramswaraj, Meri Panchayat app, e-Manchitra, and Mausamgram.
AI/ML applications are extensively used for climate change detection and attribution, downscaling climate projections, and identifying climate fingerprints. Three AI-based global models (Pangu Weather, FourCastNet, GraphCast) are regularly operational to provide severe weather prediction guidance. Indigenous AI/ML tools developed by MoES institutions include Nowcasting tools and downscaled urban forecasting systems.
Satellite capabilities have been strengthened through coordination with ISRO, utilizing INSAT-3DR, INSAT-3DS, and Oceansat-3 satellites for cyclogenesis prediction, cyclone detection, storm evolution monitoring, track forecasting, and landfall assessment. Satellite-derived observations are integrated with ground-based observations and numerical weather prediction models. The government also employs satellite-based remote sensing systems with advanced GIS technologies to monitor melting and changes in Himalayan glaciers, systematically tracking glacier extent, mass, movement, and dynamics.